Fossil fuel dependence is the largest driver of global GHG emissions.

Linear "take-make-waste" economies drive resource depletion, emissions, and pollution.

Land use change and industrial agriculture degrade ecosystems and emit large amounts of CO₂, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Natural carbon sinks—forests, wetlands, oceans—are degrading due to extraction, pollution, and warming.

Cities are vulnerable to heat, flooding, and social inequity, while being major sources of emissions.

Even with decarbonization, legacy emissions and overshoot demand active drawdown.

Climate impacts disproportionately affect vulnerable populations, and solutions often replicate inequality.